Energy Storage Devices: Batteries and Types of Batteries

We will define here Energy Storage Devices: Batteries and Types of Batteries: 

  1. Lithium titanate
  2. Lithium manganese oxide
  3. Lithium iron phosphate
  4. Lithium cobalt oxide
  5. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide

Fi Batteries

Crystal structure of Zn blende

Energy storage devices:

Now we discuss energy storage devices which are used most commonly and explain one by one detail. First we discussed batteries in details their types, advantages and disadvantages

Batteries:

Battery is important energy storage device which provide uninterrupted power supply. Batteries consist of two electrodes anode and cathode, conducting electrolyte. Batteries powered by redox reaction with reduction of cation and anion at cathode and anode respectively (Goodenough & Park, 2013).

First battery was introduced by B. Franklin in 1749, after this tremendous achievement Alessandro Volta introduced first electro chemical battery in 1800, which provide steady current. These batteries are not suitable for experimental purpose due to two main issues one was voltage issue and second was current sustain issue. These batteries also provide breakthrough for research on battery technology (Goodenough & Kim, 2010).

Types of Batteries:

Now we discussed few commonly used and most popular types of batteries

Lead-Acid Batteries:

These batteries discovered 100 years ago but still used in many vehicles like cars, buses, trucks and railway stations, after invention of initial batteries researcher focus on developing low cost, high efficiency and light weight batteries that time lead acid batteries are best choice. Lead acid batteries get more attention due to excess availability of lead. In1860 major focus of researcher was developing most suitable electrodes for these batteries. 

Lead acid batteries are most popular for high powered engine and machines. In 1910 the researcher focuses on improving their cyclic life and replaced commonly used separator. The anode and cathode of a lead-acid battery are made of lead plates that are submerged in a sulfuric acid electrolyte solution. Lead sulphide is changed back into lead and lead dioxide during the charging process of the battery. The lead and lead dioxide undergo the reverse reaction when the battery is discharged, turning back into lead sulphide. These batteries commonly used in home appliances 1950 due to low cost easily availability (Hirano et al., 1995).

Most important feature of lead acid batteries is it operates at all temperature and its efficiency does not decrease. Lead acid batteries do not need any battery management system and easy to manufactures. The important demerits of lead acid batteries is charging process because log time is required for their charging process approximately 15 hours .another disadvantage of lead acid batteries is lead is toxic material which effect environment badly (Gallag her et al., 2013).

Nickel .Cadmium .Batteries:

These are rechargeable and used for many portable devices, these batteries have good performance at low temperature. Two electrodes, one comprised of nickel oxide hydroxide and the other of cadmium, make up a Ni-Cd battery. A potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution separates these electrodes. Cadmium ions are deposited on the negative electrode of the battery during charging, while nickel ions are deposited on the positive electrode. 

The cadmium and nickel ions react in the opposite way when the battery is discharged, combining to generate nickel hydroxide and cadmium hydroxide, respectively. These batteries are most popular due to wide range of performance and sizes. There are also few disadvantage of these batteries are low cell voltage, low specific energy, cadmium is toxic material and not good at high temperature (Taniguchi, Fujioka, Ikoma, & Ohta, 2001). Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

These batteries used for high performance devices, the main advantage of these batteries are high energy density, long run time, environment friendly and good operate at extreme low temperature. Despite using a different kind of electrode material, NiMH batteries are conceptually comparable to nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries. NiMH batteries use nickel oxide hydroxide as the positive electrode and a metal alloy that absorbs hydrogen as the negative electrode in place of cadmium. A potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution separates these electrodes. The disadvantage of these batteries is complex charging algorithm, limited service life, more expansive and low efficiency (Dunn, Kamath, & Tarascon, 2011).

Sodium-Sulphar Batteries:

Na-S batteries are less expansive ,high energy density, good operate in different conditions, high energy efficiency makes it more popular .Few disadvantage of these batteries are as need to operate above 300 C, complicated structure increase cost of theses batteries, sodium is highly reactive make these batteries unsafe therefore theses batteries required maintenance (Reynard, Vrubel, Dennison, Battistel, & Girault, 2019).

Redox Flow Batteries:

These batteries are more popular and commonly used because these batteries have lot of application and unique characteristics. There are three types of redox flow batteries Zinc-bromine battery, vanadium redox battery and polysulfide-bromine battery. Important characteristics of these batteries are long cyclic life, highly safe and versatility. The main two disadvantages of these batteries are complexity and low energy density (Tachan et al., 2011; HX Yang, Lu, & Burnett, 2003).

Lithium-Ion Batteries

These batteries are most important few important types of these batteries are as follow.

  1. Lithium titanate
  2. Lithium manganese oxide
  3. Lithium iron phosphate
  4. Lithium cobalt oxide
  5. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide

In 1970 the Li-ion batteries used lithium metal anode and layered titanium sulfides as a cathode. These batteries are not much successful due to cathode materials are expansive, and react with air to produce hydrogen sulphide which is toxic for human and animals (Tachan et al., 2011).

Most commonly in electric vehicles the expected life of car batteries is 10 years. Now mostly work about increase the life time of batteries and handle the try to bundle the charging and discharging cycles. Also early stage lithium batteries face the issues of fires and explosion due to contact of metal electrodes with conducting electrolyte (Nazeeruddin, Baranoff, & Grätzel, 2011).

Mostly these batteries used for cars have expected life 10 years, now researcher tries to increase their life time and solve the charging discharging issues. The main disadvantage of these batteries was poor cycle life and also low power density [30]. With the passage of time researcher used different electrodes for better performance. In twenty-one century the Lithium-ion batteries became more popular and replaced approximately all other chargeable batteries, in last three decades the prices of Li-ion batteries fall approximately 95% and energy density increase three times (Reddy, 2011). 

These batteries became best choice for portable devices sue such as mobile phones, calculators, cameras, laptops, hand watches etc. These batteries have high specific energy, long cyclic life, internal resistance is low. These batteries take short time for charging process and charging algorithm is simple. These batteries no need of maintenance, high specific energy. Lithium ion batteries fastly grown in recent decades, theses batteries offer some tremendous offer than all other types of batteries.

The production capacity of Lithium-ion batteries increase much fastly in 2010 production capacity was 20 Gigawatt-hour. In 2021 approximately 200-600 GWh and it reach approximately 1100 GWh till 2023 (Reddy, 2011). There are many reason due to which Li-ion batteries are preferable like long lifespan, high energy density, high open circuit voltage, simple charging algorithm, high capacity, good columbic efficiency, low internal resistance, maintenance free (Hong, Zhang, Wang, & Zhang, 2015).

There are also few disadvantage of Li-ion batteries are as follow. These batteries are highly expansive than other batteries. These batteries are flammable because lithium catches fire easily. These batteries need protection circuit and also degrade at high temperature, decrease rapid charging at freezing temperature. Aging is big issues with lithium ion batteries and lose capacity. These batteries take long time for charging if completely discharged (Vetter et al., 2005).

Energy Storage Devices: Batteries and Types of Batteries
Figure 1.5 Different types of Batteries and their uses
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