We will define here Energy Storage Devices: Batteries and Types of Batteries:
- Lithium titanate
- Lithium manganese oxide
- Lithium iron phosphate
- Lithium cobalt oxide
- Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
Fi ⦁ Batteries
Crystal structure of Zn blende
Energy storage devices:
Now we discuss energy storage devices which are used most
commonly and explain one by one detail. First we discussed batteries in details
their types, advantages and disadvantages
Batteries:
Battery is important energy storage device which provide
uninterrupted power supply. Batteries consist of two electrodes anode and
cathode, conducting electrolyte. Batteries powered by redox reaction with
reduction of cation and anion at cathode and anode respectively (Goodenough
& Park, 2013).
First battery was introduced by B. Franklin in 1749, after
this tremendous achievement Alessandro Volta introduced first electro chemical
battery in 1800, which provide steady current. These batteries are not suitable
for experimental purpose due to two main issues one was voltage issue and
second was current sustain issue. These batteries also provide breakthrough for
research on battery technology (Goodenough & Kim, 2010).
Types of Batteries:
Now we discussed few commonly used and most popular types of batteries
Lead-Acid Batteries:
These batteries discovered 100 years ago but still used in many vehicles like cars, buses, trucks and railway stations, after invention of initial batteries researcher focus on developing low cost, high efficiency and light weight batteries that time lead acid batteries are best choice. Lead acid batteries get more attention due to excess availability of lead. In1860 major focus of researcher was developing most suitable electrodes for these batteries.
Lead acid batteries are most popular for high powered engine and
machines. In 1910 the researcher focuses on improving their cyclic life and
replaced commonly used separator. The anode and cathode of a lead-acid battery
are made of lead plates that are submerged in a sulfuric acid electrolyte
solution. Lead sulphide is changed back into lead and lead dioxide during the
charging process of the battery. The lead and lead dioxide undergo the reverse
reaction when the battery is discharged, turning back into lead sulphide. These
batteries commonly used in home appliances 1950 due to low cost easily
availability (Hirano et al., 1995).
Most important feature of lead acid batteries is it operates
at all temperature and its efficiency does not decrease. Lead acid batteries do
not need any battery management system and easy to manufactures. The important
demerits of lead acid batteries is charging process because log time is
required for their charging process approximately 15 hours .another
disadvantage of lead acid batteries is lead is toxic material which effect environment
badly (Gallag her et al., 2013).
Nickel .Cadmium .Batteries:
These are rechargeable and used for many portable devices, these batteries have good performance at low temperature. Two electrodes, one comprised of nickel oxide hydroxide and the other of cadmium, make up a Ni-Cd battery. A potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution separates these electrodes. Cadmium ions are deposited on the negative electrode of the battery during charging, while nickel ions are deposited on the positive electrode.
The cadmium
and nickel ions react in the opposite way when the battery is discharged,
combining to generate nickel hydroxide and cadmium hydroxide, respectively.
These batteries are most popular due to wide range of performance and sizes.
There are also few disadvantage of these batteries are low cell voltage, low
specific energy, cadmium is toxic material and not good at high temperature
(Taniguchi, Fujioka, Ikoma, & Ohta, 2001).⦁ Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
These batteries used for high performance devices, the main
advantage of these batteries are high energy density, long run time,
environment friendly and good operate at extreme low temperature. Despite using
a different kind of electrode material, NiMH batteries are conceptually
comparable to nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries. NiMH batteries use nickel oxide
hydroxide as the positive electrode and a metal alloy that absorbs hydrogen as
the negative electrode in place of cadmium. A potassium hydroxide electrolyte
solution separates these electrodes. The disadvantage of these batteries is
complex charging algorithm, limited service life, more expansive and low
efficiency (Dunn, Kamath, & Tarascon, 2011).
Sodium-Sulphar Batteries:
Na-S batteries are less expansive ,high energy density, good
operate in different conditions, high energy efficiency makes it more popular
.Few disadvantage of these batteries are as need to operate above 300 C,
complicated structure increase cost of theses batteries, sodium is highly
reactive make these batteries unsafe therefore theses batteries required
maintenance (Reynard, Vrubel, Dennison, Battistel, & Girault, 2019).
Redox Flow Batteries:
These batteries are more popular and commonly used because
these batteries have lot of application and unique characteristics. There are
three types of redox flow batteries Zinc-bromine battery, vanadium redox
battery and polysulfide-bromine battery. Important characteristics of these
batteries are long cyclic life, highly safe and versatility. The main two
disadvantages of these batteries are complexity and low energy density (Tachan
et al., 2011; HX Yang, Lu, & Burnett, 2003).
Lithium-Ion Batteries
These batteries are most important few important types of
these batteries are as follow.
- Lithium titanate
- Lithium manganese oxide
- Lithium iron phosphate
- Lithium cobalt oxide
- Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
In 1970 the Li-ion batteries used lithium metal anode and
layered titanium sulfides as a cathode. These batteries are not much successful
due to cathode materials are expansive, and react with air to produce hydrogen
sulphide which is toxic for human and animals (Tachan et al., 2011).
Most commonly in electric vehicles the expected life of car
batteries is 10 years. Now mostly work about increase the life time of
batteries and handle the try to bundle the charging and discharging cycles.
Also early stage lithium batteries face the issues of fires and explosion due
to contact of metal electrodes with conducting electrolyte (Nazeeruddin,
Baranoff, & Grätzel, 2011).
Mostly these batteries used for cars have expected life 10 years, now researcher tries to increase their life time and solve the charging discharging issues. The main disadvantage of these batteries was poor cycle life and also low power density [30]. With the passage of time researcher used different electrodes for better performance. In twenty-one century the Lithium-ion batteries became more popular and replaced approximately all other chargeable batteries, in last three decades the prices of Li-ion batteries fall approximately 95% and energy density increase three times (Reddy, 2011).
These
batteries became best choice for portable devices sue such as mobile phones,
calculators, cameras, laptops, hand watches etc. These batteries have high
specific energy, long cyclic life, internal resistance is low. These batteries
take short time for charging process and charging algorithm is simple. These
batteries no need of maintenance, high specific energy. Lithium ion batteries
fastly grown in recent decades, theses batteries offer some tremendous offer
than all other types of batteries.
The production capacity of Lithium-ion batteries increase
much fastly in 2010 production capacity was 20 Gigawatt-hour. In 2021
approximately 200-600 GWh and it reach approximately 1100 GWh till 2023 (Reddy,
2011). There are many reason due to which Li-ion batteries are preferable like
long lifespan, high energy density, high open circuit voltage, simple charging
algorithm, high capacity, good columbic efficiency, low internal resistance,
maintenance free (Hong, Zhang, Wang, & Zhang, 2015).
There are also few disadvantage of Li-ion batteries are as follow. These batteries are highly expansive than other batteries. These batteries are flammable because lithium catches fire easily. These batteries need protection circuit and also degrade at high temperature, decrease rapid charging at freezing temperature. Aging is big issues with lithium ion batteries and lose capacity. These batteries take long time for charging if completely discharged (Vetter et al., 2005).
Figure 1.5 Different types of Batteries and their uses |